The New York Times published this article today about Professor Karen King’s apparent discovery of a fragment of an ancient text, likely composed a few centuries after the apostolic era, that in part reads, “Jesus said to them, ‘My wife …’” This would be the first ancient text in any language that has any reference to a wife for Jesus. The text is written in Coptic, the language in which the Gnostic Gospels from Nag Hammadi were written.
Now, to be clear, this discovery isn’t PaleoBabble — at least not yet. Karen King is a good scholar. She teaches on the history of early Christianity (which would include Gnostic sects) at Harvard. I don’t believe for a minute she’s faking anything. However, the text is unprovenanced, which is a problem. To quote the article:
The provenance of the papyrus fragment is a mystery, and its owner has asked to remain anonymous. Until Tuesday, Dr. King had shown the fragment to only a small circle of experts in papyrology and Coptic linguistics, who concluded that it is most likely not a forgery. But she and her collaborators say they are eager for more scholars to weigh in and perhaps upend their conclusions.
So, while authenticity seems likely, people making manuscript “drops” to scholars from the shadows or on street corners doesn’t help. I personally know people who’ve had this happen to them in some form or another and it’s gone nowhere. However, the instance I’m thinking of involved a photo and a transcription. This appears to be an actual text. Still, I hope the owner comes forward to settle that part of this issue. I should also say it’s nice to see Dr. King disclose information the right way — at a conference of peers — as opposed to the P.T. Barnum (or maybe Chuck Barris) approach of Simcha Jacobovici.
The part of all this that moves toward PaleoBabble, though, is what’s being said about it, and what will continue to be said. As Dr. King herself says, the text does not prove Jesus was married; it proves only someone (the writer of this text) thought he was married, or wanted to cast him as married. The NYT article notes:
[Dr. King] repeatedly cautioned that this fragment should not be taken as proof that Jesus, the historical person, was actually married. The text was probably written centuries after Jesus lived, and all other early, historically reliable Christian literature is silent on the question, she said.
James Tabor jumps the gun in this regard, but I guess I can give him a pass on being excited about the news. I’d agree that seeing stuff like this surface is pretty cool. But let’s not insert conclusions into the data, or cast the latter as the former. James writes:
I have written extensively on this subject on my blog, suggesting that my colleagues, from Ben Witherington to Bart Ehrman, who are so insistent that “there is not a shred of evidence that Jesus was married, reconsider the question. I have changed my own position since publishing The Jesus Dynasty in 2006 in which I too insisted the “Jesus was married” idea was long on speculation and short on evidence. The implications of the two Talpiot tombs are one factor in my own shift, but in fact I would consider that evidence secondary compared to the textual evidence, including the evidence from silence, that can be mounted.
James, this isn’t “textual evidence” that Jesus was actually married. It’s evidence someone thought he was married or wanted to cast him as such (assuming of course we won’t see months on wrangling over the translation, in which case, the text will join others consigned to academic limbo).
James recommends Birger Pearson’s latest essay on Mary Magdalene. I agree that it’s well worth the read. My own bottom line is that I tend to agree with James and others that the Church (read: the Catholic church and then all those Protestants who blindly followed that tradition) has manipulated the testimony of Mary Magdalene. Words like “bogus” and “willfully ignorant” only begin to capture this hermeneutical crime. However, we’re unwise to affirm the obvious and then extrapolate to the unnecessary (or to a dream).
My understanding of Mary M is she was demon possessed, Jesus freed her of it, she loved Christ and was the first eyewitness to the empty tomb and the risen Christ.
Is this flawed textually or is the Mary M tradition you allude to other info?
You should read Pearson’s article. He and I would agree — there is no evidence Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. Your description is the scriptural one.
Awesome. I came here today to see if you would post about this fragment, and you did! If this fragment is sent through the ringers and comes outs the other side seeming to be completely legitimate, what sort of impact do you think it might have on our understanding of early Christianity (at least the Gnostics)?
I think we’d know that at least one Gnostic writer either thought Jesus was married or wanted him to be for some reason (this find would be new for even Gnostic material).
Thanks Michael, for you comment. One correction though, I decidedly did not “jump the gun” on this subject because of this new discovery. If you read my comment again, as well as the links I put in my blog post, you will see I was referring back to a whole body of textual argument summarized in a series of posts on this subject written some time ago. Of course, like others, I knew nothing of this new text. I was only saying that this text adds to that body of textual material. It alone proves nothing, assuming it is authentic, other than followers of Jesus in the 2nd or 3rd century apparently debated the topic of whether Jesus was married or not. Best, James
I’d change your wording. To me your “preference” for “textual evidence” where it occurs in the paragraph makes it sound like you’re jumping the gun. But I accept your correction here — but I’d change the wording or order.
One portion of the article quotes King as saying: “There was, we already know, a controversy in the second century over whether Jesus was married, caught up with a debate about whether Christians should marry and have sex.”
I understood that in the Gospel of Philip there is a reference to Jesus being Mary’s “companion” (though I’ve heard there are translation issues with that word) but wasn’t aware that there was a “controversy” over His marital status in the 2nd century. Could you confirm whether King’s statement is correct there or not?
Yes, there was a debate over whether Christians should marry, likely extending from Paul’s (misunderstood) comments in 1 Cor 7. The catholic church has the added burden of Jesus’ model for priests.
In the article King is quoted as saying: “There was, we already know, a controversy in the second century over whether Jesus was married, caught up with a debate about whether Christians should marry and have sex.”
I understood that in the Gospel of Philip there is a reference to Jesus being Mary’s “companion” (though I’ve heard there are translation issues with that word) but wasn’t aware that there was a “controversy” over His marital status in the 2nd century. Could you confirm whether King’s statement is correct there or not?
See my reply to “Anonymous”. There is no text (until this one, if authentic) that suggests Jesus was in a married relationship, or a sexual relationship, with any woman (or man). Some like to read that into certain texts, but the fact is that there is nothing to date in this regard that is anything close to clear (or even suggestive in my view). The text Dan Brown used in the DaVinci Code actually has a gap where he has Jesus kissing Mary on the mouth; his “reading” was thus fabricated.
As soon as I saw this article in the news…I knew exactly which blog to haunt in order to get the skinny.
Well, she didn’t discover it for a start. It was analysed by Prof. Dr. Munro in Berlin before in 1982 and who presumably included a statement of his colleague Prof. Fecht refering to the relevance. The German professors didn’t make a big deal out of the Papyri in the possession of Hans-Ulrich Laukamp. The Rheinsberg Society openly discussed similar documents in the 1920ths.
@MSH The catholic model refers to genealogy, having legitimate sons to inherit the throne. Whether clerical lords have sex or not with women is irrelevant. Clerics cannot inherit an office to their sons, daughters or relatives. That is what matters to the church as a collective body of meriocratic governance. Sons and daughters of clerics are ignoble, bastards so to speak. In the same way sexual relations of nobles with peasants didn’t count.
Not that I think for a moment that there’s anything resembling believable evidence that Jesus was married (there’d have to be far more than just this fragment), but I’m curious about one thing as a thought experiment. Hopefully it doesn’t have the ring of heresy to ask the question ;).
…How big a deal WOULD it be, theologically speaking, if Jesus was married? What part of Christianity does it unravel besides the historical narrative of Jesus that the Church has believed for so long? Would it make him not-Logos? Imperfect? Self-contradictory?
Thanks,
DT
I don’t think it would be a big deal; see my short Naked Bible post.
Darrell Bock notes on his blog that Jesus’s wife could also refer to the church according to Gnostic community rites where the fragment was probably (?) from but the brevity of the fragment just doesn’t provide enough info to go anywhere.
OK, thanks Michael. BTW, I was looking at one blog (http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/18/13945001-reality-check-on-jesus-and-his-wife?lite) and it quotes Ben Witherington [and name checks youself :)] as making a similar point to yourself and numerous other scholars when he says, “While this fragment is interesting, if you are interested in the historical Jesus, this is much ado about not very much,”.
However, the article then states: “Witherington said the text could be open to alternate interpretations. “In view of the largely ascetic character of Gnosticism, it is likely that we are dealing with the ‘sister-wife’ phenomenon, and the reference is to a strictly spiritual relationship, which is close but does not invoinvolve sexual intimacy,” Witherington said.
During a follow-up phone call, he explained that “during the rise of the monastic movement, you had quite a lot of monk-type folks and evangelists who traveled in the company of a sister-wife.” The fellow travelers looked after each other, but celibacy was part of the deal, he said.”
“The other question about this is … were these ‘fractured fairy tales’ that helped monks in the desert while away the time, or were they serious religious texts?.”
I hadn’t heard anyone else make this argument as yet (I checked the blogs of numerous scholars) so I wondered what you make of Witherington’s idea there?
MSH –
Do we know how any of the rest of the fragment reads? I imagine that IHSOUS was a not so uncommon name in the early centuries.
just this fragment.
In his most recent popular book “The Jesus Scandals,” the NT scholar David Instone-Brewer argues that one of the reasons Jesus did not marry was because no family would offer one of its daughters in marriage to him, given the well-known questions about his paternity, i.e., was Joseph his father and was he conceived out of wedlock? Brewer argues that men with unclear patrimony was persona non grata in 1st century Palestine and were routinely refused marriage. His arguments rest on rabbinic sources, which is his area of expertise.
This is coherent, though there could always be exceptions.
Mike,
It’s a really interesting find if legitimate. Unfortunately it raises as many questions as it answers (if it does answer any). I think the most telling thing about this is they was it is presented in the press and how it appears on the papyrus see http://www.hds.harvard.edu/faculty-research/research-projects/the-gospel-of-jesuss-wife. Most of the focus has been on line 4 which is incomplete and allows the reader to place anything after “…. Jesus said to them, “My wife..” based on the reader bias because the papyrus in incomplete. Given the number of arguments that Jesus was married to the church, this papyrus could be attributing the claim that Jesus was married to the church directly to Jesus but we will never know because of the state of the papyrus. I think the more telling line would be line 7 (if attributed to Jesus) “As for me, I dwell with her in order to…” Again this line is an incomplete sentence that leaves much to reader’s imagination. The issues with line 3 are pretty significant, Line 3 “Deny. Mary is worthy of it”. In a footnote, Dr. King offers an alternative translation for line 3 “Deny. Mary is n[ot] worthy of it”. It appears that there is a letter or symbol in line 3 that Dr. King leaves out of her preferred translation. The use of “not” can significantly alter the tenor of the papyrus. And it is particularly significant as it precedes the line 4 with the reference to “my wife” if we are tying all the lines together. In spite of the careful way in which Dr. King has worded her paper on the topic (draft article http://news.hds.harvard.edu/files/King_JesusSaidToThem_draft_0917.pdf) her preference is pretty clear. I am NOT attacking Dr. King’s scholarship or qualifications; I just read her draft and was left some questions and impressions of the work. Best.
Thanks for the compliment Areadymind! You are right, my blog gives the skinny!
Okay, just kidding, but I could not resist…
had to laugh!
There was an interesting article published in the British media today, which I imagine by the time you all read this post, you will have already read yourselves…
A British scholar of the New Testament, a Professor Francis Watson of Durham University, has alleged the ancient fragment to be a fake, and in fact a collage of texts constructed from the Coptic Gospel of Thomas and merely reassembled.
He claims the papyrus is in fact a modern forgery, most likely composed in the 4th Century, and refutes as much in his work… which I have yet to dig out.
Seems interesting…
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2207038/British-scholar-says-papyrus-claiming-Jesus-married-fake.html
That always comes up with these sorts of things. It’s possible one *could* get papyrus this old on which to produce a fakery (I am reminded of the clever way the villain in Irving Wallace’s novel, The Word, pulled it off). And Watson makes a cogent point. However, one would have to C-14 date the think (ink, especially) — but again, Wallace was on that, too. An interesting idea.
From what I have read today, I think this document is now officially paleobabble.
I have it in the “getting beaten around” category so far.
Whew. I leave the debate to scholars. Anyway, supposed Jesus was indeed married, that’s fine with me. After all, he was born as a human being and lived as a human being. The only difference is that he lived in a sin-free life (I think everyone would agree on the claim!). I think in those times, women were viewed as vessel of the devil because it was Eve that tempted Adam to sin. I hope we won’t annihilate each other because of this text. Sometimes, strong belief can make you blind, and commit atrocities. We’ve read that in history. 🙁
now, i wonder how to make an ancient papyrus scrolls. 🙂 ohh… just for arhmm how-to stuff…. =))
It is most likely the longest historical debacle to get that Jesus on scandal, heresy, picking pockets, underhandedness, sneak thievery, and downright crookedness; but alas, all attempts always overturned.
I’m surprised theres not a Gospel of Caiaphas that’s t tried to sneak its way into the limelight over the past 1800 years.
Many thanks to Mike Heiser and all hard working Scholars for keeping things legitimate in all historical records and in their proper “places”.
Jesus’ wife is his bride which has multiple members, myself hopefully being one of them. She is called the new Jerusalem, which will be united with her bridegroom at the wedding when Jesus returns to take his rightful place as king of the earth, you can read all about it in the Bible.
Here are some verses that talk about that:
“… Submitting yourselves one to another in the fear of God.
“Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord.
“For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body.
“Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in every thing.
“Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it:
“That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word.
“That he might present it in himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish.
“So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself.
“For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church:
“For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones.
“For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be one
flesh.
“This is A GREAT MYSTERY; but I speak concerning Christ and the church.
“Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the wife see that she reverence her husband” (Ephesians 5:21-33).
“Having made known unto us the MYSTERY of his will, according to his good pleasure which he hath purposed in himself:
“That in the dispensation of the fullness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him” (Ephesians 1:9-10).
“If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God which is given me to youward:
“How that by revelation he made known unto me THE MYSTERY; (as I wrote afore in few words,
“Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in THE MYSTERY of Christ)
“Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and
prophets by the Spirit;
“That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel” (Ephesians 3:2-6).
“And he [Jesus Christ] is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have preeminence” (Colossians 1:18).
“And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church,
“Which is his body, the fullness of him that filleth all in all” (Ephesians 1:22-23).
“… Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body’s sake, which is the church.”
[NIV: “Now I rejoice in what was suffered for you. and I fill up in my flesh what is still lacking in regard to Christ’s
afflictions, for the sake of his body, which is the church” (Colossians 1:24).]
“… but the body is of Christ.
“Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind,
“And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increased with the increase of God.”
NIV: “Do not let anyone who delights in false humility and the worship of angels disqualify you for the prize. Such a person
goes into great detail about what he has seen, and his unspiritual mind puffs him up with idle notions. He has lost connection with the Head, from whom the whole body, supported and held together by its ligaments and sinews, grows as God causes it to grow” (Colossians 2:17-19).
“And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye are called in one body; and be ye thankful.
“Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.
“And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.
“Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord.
“Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
“Children, obey your parents in all things: for this is well pleasing unto the Lord.
“Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.
“Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God:
“And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men;
“Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ” (Colossians 3:15-24).